星期一, 10月 25, 2004

《路邊政治經濟學》的寓言書寫




在 早一輩的本地文化人之中馬國明可以算是較被忽略的一位。他出身中大歷史系,曾以郭月睛等筆名於《文化新潮》等刊物發表文化/政治評論。他的主要著作有﹕ 《從自由主義到社會主義》(八三)、《班雅明》(九八)與本文評述的《路邊政治經濟學》。熟悉二樓書店文化的大概都知道,馬國明同時也是灣仔青文書店的創 辦人之一,而他近年則放手店務,把精力集中在專售英文學術書籍的曙光書店。過去,馬老闆給我的印象主要是一個編書人與出版者,他的文章反而讀得極少。當 年,我就是透過他所編彙與出版的亞爾杜塞(Althusser)文集與論述福柯思想的專書(邵國華著),初窺西方當代前緣社會/文化思想的堂奧。近日讀他 的新作《路邊政治經濟學》,卻「驚覺」他的作品是遺落人間的「龍珠」。

照亮精神地域的龍珠

「龍 珠」是馬國明用來形容當代德國思想家班雅明(Walter Benjamin)的意象,我以為﹕「以彼之道,還施彼身」,同樣適合。班雅明遺下的龍珠,由後人完成其搜尋工作,馬國明過往散落在報刊的,則由他自己搜 集成書,儘管他們的心願都是讓龍珠盡數飛上天,「成為一顆顆夜間亮閃閃的星星,人們只需抬頭就能看見」。雖然馬國明的野心比不上他所熟悉的班雅明,作品亦 未至於「有如黑暗中的明燈,照亮了整個地域」,但他的作品仍不時閃亮動人的光采,在明輿滅間,同樣照亮了不同的精神地域﹕

「小販其實有如工人一樣是一個階級而不是一個行業。」(頁四)

「如他朝有日,小販的歷史走進香港史的冊籍裏,功勞只能歸於福柯。當局取締小販的策略恰好是福柯所分析的微型政治。在一個號稱奉行自由市場社會裏,對小販進行登記與發 牌的措施卻沒有受到輿論的譴責。」(同上)

馬 國明討論的都是一些人們熟悉的題材,如金庸武俠小說、韋伯的資本主義精神論述、公民社會、懷舊文化、商品文化的大眾化技術等等,他的觀點熠熠閃亮之餘又絕 非標奇立異。馬國明是班雅明思想的專家,中國學者張旭東認為在班雅明身上「融合了一個馬克思和一個『現代詩人』的傾向……這一切在他的理論蘊含極為豐富的 敘事性的議論中結合起來﹔在具體的真的廣泛呈露中,思考和詩不分彼此地、自在地貫通為一了」,而在馬國明的身上,我們亦可以找到類似的傾向﹕

「生果小販的專長則是內在的,毋須在人前炫耀。……那些只須輕輕一拍便能定斷那個西瓜、那個榴槤仍未熟透﹔那個外表完好的,內裏已開始腐爛的是小販裏的庖丁」(頁七)

遺忘是再次的謀殺

馬 國明往往透過這種「不同文化場的文本並置」(textual jutaposition of different cultural fields) 所造成的「張力」(也是詩的部分張力所在),讓被埋藏起來的社會弱勢社群(例如小販)的「意象」本身自「過去的廢墟」(ruin of the past)中辯證地自我運動起來,在有限的文本空間裏,被喚醒,升起,發聲,並把閱讀經驗轉化為「震驚」的體驗。讓個體從集體性的機械反應(遺忘)中擺脫 出來。班雅明說「每一份文明的記載同時也是野蠻的記載」,馬國明在《路邊政治經濟學》中所描述的,資本主義現代化對舊社區的瓦解,城市規劃對小販等弱勢社 群的取締,正是文明背後的野蠻歷史的銘刻。遺忘是再次的謀殺,馬國明的書寫是有關「被遺忘」的書寫。

「震驚」是班雅明眼中的波德萊爾 (Charles Baudelaire)詩歌的核心形象,也是後者的「寓言式的書寫」(allegorical writing)的一個重要的面向﹕若果不嫌粗鬆,我認為我們也可以視《路邊政治經濟學》為一部「寓言式的書寫」或有關「寓言」的著作。這裏所指的「寓 言」(馬國明則譯為「隱寓」) 取自班雅明在《德國悲劇的起源》中的有關定義,用馬國明自己的話說,那就是﹕「象徵和隱寓的分別在於前者的意義是清晰自明的,象徵和它所代表的事物之間的 關係是完美和諧(的)……隱寓卻只是隱寓的作者自己替事物加上意義,中間的關係並不清晰,亦不穩定」(頁四十七)。

游手好閑的邊緣人

故 然,從前引的「小販寓言」(<街頭掠影>),馬國明的「寓言式書寫」的特點,已可見一斑﹔就是從他論述金庸武俠小說的文章(<金庸與金>),我們也可以看到他對「寓言」的關懷,他便曾開宗明義說過﹕「在金庸的武俠世界裏,武功並非一種象徵,而是一種隱寓」,而他則就此間種種的寓 意,解讀出港人的種種文化/民族身份認同的危機與啟示!

準此,馬國明在<為什麼讀《新教倫理與資本主義精神》>一文中,對一些 學者援引韋伯有關新教倫理與資本主義精神關係來解釋資本主義的「東亞模式」為何得以確立與發展,所作的意識形態批評,我們亦不妨理解為一種針對「寓言」的 破譯與批評,亞爾杜塞不是說過﹕「意識形態是個人同他的存在的現實環境的想像性關係的表現」?換句話說,意識形態也是一種集體的寓言 —— 一種遺忘的寓言。

當然,在《路邊政治經濟學》中,最精采的寓言可算是有關「文人」(homme de lettres)的寓言。誠如羅貴祥所言,馬國明在《路邊政治經濟學》中確有「拯救」的企圖:「要終止強者對弱者的迫壓,馬國明說要把過去視為一個有待發 掘的廢墟……」,但小販等弱者僅僅是作者描述與拯救的對象?而作者僅僅是君臨一切的超然救世者嗎?正如班雅明對波德萊爾所體現的現代社會邊緣人的形象「游 手好閑者」(flaneur)(也是「文人」的形象)所產生的不僅是同情,也是共鳴﹔從馬國明對小販等弱者的社會邊緣位置的描述,我們也看到前者對後者的 共鳴。

不可擋的整肅命運

在<金庸與金融> 中,馬國明已多多少少暗示了「文人」在現代社會的處境﹕「有時,金錢有如一個法力無邊的巫師,有時卻是泥菩薩過江,自身難保。……作為一個作家,金庸的生 存本質和金錢的處境是否有點雷同?」(頁四十二)。在<街頭掠影>中,我們隨著「游蕩的幽靈」似的敘事者(形象與「游手好閑者」同出一轍) 逡巡灣仔舊區的大小街巷,最後飄至的卻是「青文」與「曙光」所在的巴路士街:「即使是文化人時常掛在口邊的咖啡室/書店組合亦可在巴路士街上找到。……只 要把眼界降低一點,巴路士街的咖啡店足以媲美聞名中外的巴黎咖啡室。這裏亦不乏一些消磨兩、三小時的常客,他們也一樣是投入地討論共同關心的話題 —— 即將舉行的賽馬」(頁三十八)。

在苦澀的語氣中,我們看到正在消失的舊區與文人的處境,混而為一。但更重要的是,「一隅之隔,巴路土街的混 亂和茂籮街的整齊卻成了強烈的對比。在茂籮街上,下一課已開始了。井然的秩序歸功於兩、三年前才落成的英皇中心」(頁三十七)。下一課已開始了,都市化與 現代化對社會邊緣分子的整肅,已是勢不可擋的命運!

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2 Comments:

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